Landmark studies

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Oncology[edit | edit source]

Prostate Cancer[edit | edit source]

Prevention[edit | edit source]

  • PCPT 2003 (Finasteride)
  • SELECT 2009 (Selenium and Vitamin E)
  • REDUCE 2010 (Dutasteride)

Screening[edit | edit source]

  • PLCO 2008
  • ERSPC 2009
  • Goteburg 2010
  • CAP 2018

Diagnosis and Evalutation[edit | edit source]

  • MRI PROMIS 2017
  • PRECISION 2018
  • MRI-FIRST 2019
  • ASIST 2019 (MRI in AS)
  • STHLM3 NEJM 2021 (MRI-targetted vs. standard biopsy in prostate cancer screening)
  • PET proPSMA 2020

PSA and Other Markers[edit | edit source]

  • Stamey et al. NEJM 1987
  • Catalona et al. NEJM 1991
  • Catalona et al. J Urol 1994 (PSA vs. DRE detection in screening)
  • Catalona et al. 1998 (%fPSA)

Prostate Biopsy[edit | edit source]

  • Antibiotic Prophylaxis in TRUS Biopsy of the Prostate Cochrane Review 2011
  • Rates of hospital admission and mortality after TRUS-biopsy J Urol 2013

Management of Localized Disease[edit | edit source]

Observation vs. Treatment of Prostate Cancer[edit | edit source]
  • PIVOT NEJM 2012
  • SPCG-4 NEJM 2014
  • PROTECT NEJM 2016

Active surveillance[edit | edit source]

  • REDEEM Lancet 2012 (dutasteride in AS progression)

Radical prostatectomy[edit | edit source]

  • Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy

Radiation and ADT[edit | edit source]

  • EORTC 22863 NEJM 1997 (EBRT +/- 3 years ADT)
  • RTOG 86-10 (EBRT +/- 4 months ADT)
  • RTOG 92-02
  • EORTC 22961
  • PR3/PR07
  • SPCG-7/SFUO-3

Post-prostatectomy radiation[edit | edit source]

  • Adjuvant vs. Observation
  • ARTISTIC Lancet 2020 (meta-analysis of adjuvant vs. salvage)
  • RADICALS Lancet 2020 (adjuvant vs. salvage)

Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer[edit | edit source]

  • CHAARTED NEJM 2015 (docetaxel)
  • STAMPEDE Lancet 2016 (docetaxel)
  • STAMPEDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
  • LATITUDE NEJM 2017 (abiraterone)
  • STAMPEDE Lancet 2018 (radiation)
  • ENZAMET NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)
  • ARCHES JCO 2019 (enzalutamide)
  • TITAN NEJM 2019 (enzalutamide)
  • HERO NEJM 2020 (LHRH antagonist)

Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer[edit | edit source]

Non-metastatic[edit | edit source]
  • ARAMIS NEJM 2018 (darolutamide)
  • SPARTAN NEJM 2018 (apalutamide)
  • PROSPER NEJM 2018 (enzalutamide)
Metastatic[edit | edit source]

Pre-docetaxel

  • AFFIRM NEJM 2012 (enzalutamide)
  • PREVAIL NEJM 2014 (enzalutamide)
  • COU-AA-302
  • TAX-327
  • IMPACT

Post-docetaxel

  • COU-AA-301
  • VISION (177Lu-PSMA-617)
  • PROfound NEJM 2020 (Olaparib)
  • Denosumab vs. zoledronate
  • TheraP (177Lu-PSMA-617 vs. cabazitaxel)
  • ALSYMPCA (Radium-223)

Incidence of germline mutations in genes mediating DNA-repair processes in prostate cancer NEJM 2016

Kidney Cancer[edit | edit source]

  • EORTC 30904 Partial vs. Radical Nephrectomy
  • EORTC 30811 Eur Urol 2009 LND for cN0 suspected RCC

Cytoreductive nephrectomy[edit | edit source]

  • SWOG 8949 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α vs.
  • EORTC 30947 IFN-α vs. CN + IFN-α
  • SURTIME JAMA Onc 2019 CN + sunitnib vs. sunitnib + CN
  • CARMENA NEJM 2018 sunitnib vs. CN + sunitnib

Systemic treatment for metastatic disease[edit | edit source]

  • CheckMate 214 NEJM 2018 (nivolumab + ipilimumab vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
  • CheckMate 9ER NEJM 2020 (nivolumab + cabozantinib vs. sunitnib for untreated, advanced clear-cell RCC)
  • CLEAR NEJM 2021 (lenvatinib + pembrolizumab vs. lenvatinib + everolimus vs. sunitinib)
Adjuvant therapy after nephrectomy[edit | edit source]
  • ASSURE Lancet 2016 (sunitnib vs. sorafenib)
  • S-TRAC (sunitnib)
  • KEYNOTE-564 (pembrolizumab)

Bladder Cancer[edit | edit source]

NMIBC[edit | edit source]

Intravesical Therapy[edit | edit source]
Chemotherapy[edit | edit source]
  • Meta-analysis of trials evaluating chemotherapy on risk of NMIBC recurrence 2013
BCG[edit | edit source]
  • SWOG 8216/38 NEJM 1991 (BCG vs. doxorubicin BCG maintenance)
  • SWOG 8507 J Urol 2000 (induction vs. induction + maintenance BCG)
  • BCG and NMIBC Recurrence Cochrane Review 2000
  • BCG and NMIBC Progression Meta-analaysis 2002
  • BCG vs. MMC in NMIBC Cochrane Review 2003
BCG unresponsive NMIBC[edit | edit source]
  • KEYNOTE-057 (pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive CIS)

MIBC[edit | edit source]

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy[edit | edit source]
Immunotherapy[edit | edit source]
Cystectomy[edit | edit source]

Systemic treatment for locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease[edit | edit source]

  • KEYNOTE-361 Lancet Onc 2021 (pembrolizumab + chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone vs. pembrolizumab alone)

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma[edit | edit source]

  • Olympus Lancet Onc 2020 (UGN-101 for papillary UTUC)

Non-Oncology[edit | edit source]

Andrology[edit | edit source]

Functional[edit | edit source]

  • TOMUS (retropubic vs. transobturator MUS)
  • MTOPS (combination alpha-blocker + 5ARI)
  • CombAT (combination alpha-blocker + 5ARI)

Pediatrics[edit | edit source]

  • RIVUR NEJM 2014 (antibiotic prophylaxis in VUR)

Other[edit | edit source]

  • Mechanical Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Surgery Cochrane Review 2011
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